Risk-taking During Childhood Play

Risk-taking During Childhood Play Introduction to the proposed study area The aim of this dissertation is to focus on the question of the nature of risk around childrens play. What risks are the kinds of risks children prefer? How these risks are tolerated and coped with. What is meant by risky play the thrilling and exciting form of play which involves the chance of physical injury. This type of play can involve great heights, high speeds or even dangerous environments and elements. Risky play generally takes place outdoors and is generally through childrens free play which is normally not organised by adults. My interest for studying childrens play lies in my perceptions of my son and that children seem to seek and prefer this type of play. Play is built in to a childs very nature this helps them to learn, and be curious about there surroundings and themselves. This is that they unconsciously test boundaries and possibilities from there environment to get a reaction. It is through this play that they discover what is safe and what is not. This type of play is becoming increasingly hard to find due to the welfare state of today securing our environments in order to avoid accidents and liability issues. This has set a trend to prohibit the dangerous, resulting in an aversion on taking risk. This focus on childrens play and playgrounds has continuously grown over recent years bringing play to many discussions about the balance between safety, risk and the opportunities for children to develop through play. In this research I aim to examin issues such as safety accidents and childrens developmental benefits of risk in play. Aims of the project The main aims of the dissertation are to: Evaluate literature, best practice guidance, government guidance, and information on child development and risk Research legal positions with in risk and play The effect of risk upon an individual Present a picture of childrens play relative to a risk adverse society Research the benefits of risk in childrens play Explain why learning benefits will be reduced by removing risk Summary of risky criteria Make recommendations on how to encourage risk to make the best use of play areas (by the use of case studies) Research legal positions with in risk and play Personal Aims include: To complete the dissertation and gain my MA Extend my knowledge regarding childrens play and best practice Gain skills in conducting research Develop contacts through seminars, meetings and work Prepare myself in furthering my employment skills Scope and limitations of the study The topic is selected because it represents, possible significant risks to the health and well being of children and any possible subsequent social or health implications, which could contribute to the development of children from risky behaviour. This study will focus on the healthy risky behaviour of childrens play such as physical interactivity and unintentional injury. The methods of study could include observational or interventional with secondary data analyses of existing information, analyses of costs and benefits of risk in play to children. A multidisciplinary approach will be used researching findings from childrens behavioural scientists, education, public policy and others. Which can be influenced by a multitude of social, environmental or psychological factors. These could be affected by genetic makeup, temperament and memory of previous experiences could all be potential factors. These can all influence the physical intellectual and emotional development of risk in play it is my opinion that children should be encouraged to expand upon current experiences to consider techniques and strategies such as decision making and goal directed behaviours. Skills that could be developed through play are self-monitoring, self-awareness, stress management, mental imagery, prevention skills, conflict resolution, assertiveness skills, decision making skills, and will help develop healthy behaviors. Both internal and external factors could contribute to an individuals tendency to engage in or refrain from risky behaviors. What these factors are, how they interact, for whom, and when in the developmental trajectory, are all questions of importance in understanding risky behaviors and behavior change and development in children. Methodology and methods Literature search and review, data will be accessed through university library, city librarys and information service using a selection of tertiary and secondary information sources such as the information database, bibliographic database, internet search engines, directories and journals. These sources will be reviewed and analysed through a qualitative method for my primary data collection. Through observations and talking to children and school staff I plan to find out what kind of risky play children prefer and like to do. I will also look into how staff will arrange and cope with this type of play. This will help to find about childrens and adults thoughts and attitudes on risky play. I plan on observing children at several primary schools going about there every day life. This will allow me to get a better impression on how childrens risky play differs. I plan on collecting recordings images and write field notes thoughts and reflections. Studies of interest maybe: Secondary data analyses of existing information and desktop studies Benefits to children, issues and opportunities conduct primary research with schools Observational studies case studies Interventional how to make changes Resources The university facilities will be used extensively in support of my dissertation. In particularly the university library, computing suites and on-line systems. I will also be attending seminars and lectures Conducting interviews Using work experience Conducting internet research Reading books and journals Time table Prepare dissertation proposal Literature searching Literature searching Intensive research Final proposal Bibliography listing Dissertation presentation Further reading Draft dissertation Editing and rewrites References Bruner, J. (1972). Nature and uses of immaturity. American Psychologist, 27, 687-708. Childrens Play Council (2002). More than swings and roundabouts: Planning for outdoor play. Retrieved 23 May 2009, www.ncb.org.uk/dotpdf/open%20access%20-%20phase%201%20only/moveswing2_cpc_20050512.pdf Dempsey, J. D., Frost, J. L. (1993). Play environments in early childhood education. In B. Spodek (Ed.), Handbook of research on the education of young children New York: Macmillan. Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Getting serious about play: A review of childrens play. London: Author. Retrieved 12 June 2009, www.culture.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/21762951-E07E-4439-8BA3-04C6ECE510A3/0/ReviewofChildrensPlay.pdf Fjortoft, I. (2001). The natural environment as a playground for children: The impact of outdoor play activities in pre-primary school children. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(2), 111-117 Fjortoft, I., Sageie, J. (2000). The natural environment as a playground for children: Landscape description and analysis of a natural playscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48(1/2), 83-97. Furedi, F. (2001). Paranoid parenting: Abandon your anxieties and be a good parent. London: Penguin. Gallahue, D. L. (1993). Motor development and movement skill acquisition in early childhood education. In B. Spodek (Ed.), Handbook of research on the education of young children (pp. 24-41). New York: Macmillan. Goodyear-Smith, F. A., Laidlaw, T. M. (1999). The price of safety at all costs. Nuance Greenfield, C. (2003). Outdoor play: The case for risks and challenges in childrens learning and development. Safekids News, 21, 5. Henniger, M. L. (1994). Planning for outdoor play. Young Children, 49(4), 10-15. Isenberg, J. P., Quisenberry, N. (2002). Play: Essential for all children. Childhood Education, 79(1), 33-39. Karsten, L., van Vliet, W. (2006). Children in the city: Reclaiming the street. Children, Youth and Environments Little, H. (2006). Childrens risk-taking behaviour: Implications for early childhood policy and practice. International Journal of Early Years Education, 14(2), 141-154. Lupton, D., Tulloch, J. (2002). Life would be pretty dull without risk: Voluntary risk taking and its pleasures. Health, Risk Society, 4(2), 113-124. Mitchell, R., Cavanagh, M., Eager, D. (2006). Not all risk is bad, playgrounds as a learning environment for children. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 13(2), 122-124. New, R. S., Mardell, B., Robinson, D. (2005). Early childhood education as risky business: Going beyond whats safe to discovering whats possible. Early Childhood Research and Practice, 7(2). Retrieved March 3 2006, http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v7n2/new.html Pless, I. B., Magdalinos, H. (2006). Risk compensation behaviour in children. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 160(6), 610-614. Poest, C. A., Williams, J. R., Witt, D. D., Atwood, M. E. (1990). Challenge me to move: Large muscle development in young children. Young Children, 45(5), 4-10. Potts, R. P., Martinez, I. G., Dedmon, A. (1995). Childhood risk taking and injury: Self-report and informant measures. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20(1), 5-12. Rivkin, M. S. (1995). The great outdoors: Restoring childrens right to play outside. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Stephenson, A. (2002). Opening up the outdoors: Exploring the relationship between indoor and outdoor environments of a centre. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 10(1), 29-38. Stephenson, A. (2003). Physical risk-taking: Dangerous or endangered? Early Years, 23(1), 35-43. Stine, S. (1997). Landscapes for learning. New York: John Wiley Sons. Taylor, S. I., Morris, V. G. (1996). Outdoor play in early childhood settings: Is it safe and healthy for children? Early Childhood Education Journal, 23(3), 153-158. Valentine, G., McKendrick, J. (1997). Childrens outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about childrens safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28(2), 219-235.

Annotated Bibliography Essay

Bibliography Gastaldo, E. (n.d.). New on FBI’s Most Wanted. Retrieved from http://www.newser.com/story/169670/new-on-fbis-most-wanted-ex-usc-prof Walter Lee Williams faces charges of sexual exploitation of children. He taught anthropology, gender studies and history and now is one (police headquarter, 2013)of FBI’s 10 Most Wanted fugitives. Williams, 64, became the 500th name added to the list in its 63-year history. The extensive traveler and Fulbright Award winner is accused of sexually exploiting at least 10 children between ages 9 and 17 while abroad. Because of his status he has the means and access to children is what makes him dangerous man. Bibliography police headquarter. (2013, july 23). Sex crimes. Retrieved from http://www.kcmo.org/police/crime/sexcrimes/sexcrimes/index.htm Sex Crimes are about power and control and are often reported later because the victim feels scared or ashamed. Sex Crimes are one of the most under-reported crimes. The Sex Crimes Section handles all reported ADULT (17 years of age and older) sex crimes whose victims are heterosexual or same sex. These crimes include: Rape is sexual intercourse with another person by the use of forcible compulsion. Sexual Assault is sexual intercourse with another person knowing that the victim is unconscious, drugged, intoxicated or sleeping. Sexual Misconduct- is any form of sexual activity or sexual contact including harassment, which is unwanted that occurs as a result of intimidation, threat of force, use of force or other coercive behavior or which occurs without consent. Sodomy which is deviant sexual intercourse with another person by the use of forcible compulsion. Stalking which is a pattern of repeated, unwanted attention, harassment and contact. All these acts are forms of sexual crimes. Bibliography Lelis, L. (2012, January 7). Retrieved from Orlando Sentinel: http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-01-07/news/os-carol-sheridan-obituary-20120107_1_crime-victims-victim-compensation-and-assistance-crime-act Carol Lee Sheridan was among the first to serve as advocate for victims of crime the late 1970s. She worked with victims of crime, helping victims of rape or domestic abuse with their questions about the law-enforcement investigations and court cases. She was part of the first team for the Orange County Sheriff’s Office of what would be called victims’ advocates, Victims sometimes don’t know what to do and are often lost. When you’re traumatized and have lost your daughter to a heinous, you need guidance and information. Bibliography Matsota, O. (n.d.). Sex Crimes. Retrieved from Helping Human Trafficking Victims: http://ezinearticles.com/?Sex-Crimes:-Helping-Human-Trafficking-Victims&id=5656185 Human trafficking involves trafficking of human beings across borders. There are several ways a person can be trafficked. One is the by kidnapping and selling. A person may be deceived with a false promise for job and lured into crossing international border. There the person may be forced into forced slavery or indentured servitude. A person may accept prostitution due to lure of drugs. In USA for instance a minor (below 18 years) is considered as a trafficking victim, although no movement has taken place. This is in accordance to the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 Bibliography Noceda, K. (2013, February 19). Police. Retrieved from Victim in Hummer Mom’ Sex Crimes Target of Cyberbullying: http://livermore.patch.com/groups/police-and-fire/p/police-investigating-report- Hubbs a 44 year old woman, was recently released from prison after serving two and a half years behind bars for sexual relationships she had with two teen boys. The former Livermore resident is now back in jail after a suspected parole violation, according to court records. Hubbs violated terms of her parole when she was found with possession of pornography in Hayward, according to a KPIX report .Hubbs got the nickname â€Å"Hummer mom†Ã‚  because of the vehicle she drove around, sometimes with her victims accompanying her. Bibliography Reuters. (2013, July 19). Virginia: Charge Against Air Force Oficer. Retrieved from Alteredhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/19/us/virginia-charge-against-air-force-officer-is-altered.html? A charge of sexual battery against an Air Force officer was dropped on Thursday, and the prosecutor instead will pursue a charge of assault and battery. The officer, Lt. Col. Jeffrey Krusinski, was chief of the Air Force sexual assault prevention and response branch when he was arrested in May and accused of groping a woman in a parking lot. After a closer investigation of the facts and a review of the status of the case law, the more appropriate charge is the assault and battery, not the sexual battery charge,† said Theo Stamos, the prosecutor. She declined to comment about the evidence in the case. Bibliography Travis, A. (2013, January 10). One in Five Womaen Are Victims of SExual Offense. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/jan/10/sex-crimes-analysis-england-wales The first joint statistical overview of sexual offending in England and Wales by the Ministry of Justice, Home Office and Office of National Statistics confirms that only a very small proportion of sexual offences lead to a conviction. In the last three years court statistics show an average of 5,620 offenders convicted each year for all types of sexual offences, with 1,070 convicted for rape. The estimate that there are 473,000 victims of sexual offences every year, of whom 400,000 are women, is drawn from the Crime Survey for England and Wales. It estimates that there were 97,000 victims of the most serious sexual offences last year, of which there were around 69,000 female victims of rape. The analysis adds that 90% of such victims knew the perpetrator. Bibliography Ward, C. (2013, July 18). Scout Leader Accused of Sexual Assault at Wisconsin Camp. Retrieved from http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/suburbs/glen_ellyn/chi-scout-leader-accused-of-sex-assault-at-wisconsin-camp 20130718,0,897229.story A Boy Scout leader from DuPage County has been charged with sexually assaulting a Scout at a Wisconsin camp according to Wisconsin law enforcement officials. Marquette County sheriff’s police identified the man as Jeffrey L. Borneman, 54, of the 22-W-000 block of Stratford Court in unincorporated DuPage County near Glen Ellyn. He was charged with sexual assault of a child under 16 years of age and was released after posting a $5,000 cash bond Thursday, Marquette County District Attorney Chad Hendee said. The assault is alleged to have taken place on July 5 at Camp Freeland Leslie, a Boy Scout facility near Oxford, about 25 miles from the Wisconsin Dells. Bibliography West, C., & M. (2013, March). Sexual Violence in the Lives of African American Women. Retrieved from http://www.nsvrc.org/publications/articles/sexual-violence-lives-african-american-women This Applied Research paper reviews the sociohistorical context of Black women’s sexual victimization, the characteristics of Black rape survivors and their experiences, and the risk factors that elevate Black women’s vulnerability to rape and consequences thereof. Culturally sensitive techniques to promote resilience are offered. The institutional pattern of rape was well established before the newly enslaved Africans reached the Americas. During the transatlantic voyage, crew members routinely raped and impregnated Black women. In preparation for sale, enslaved women were stripped naked and placed on auction blocks. African American women’s economic value. Bibliography Woo, J. (2013, June 18). South Korea Toughens SEx Crimes Law. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/06/18/south-korea-toughens-its-sex-crimes-law/ South Korea took a big step toward clearing legal hurdles in the fight against sex crimes against women and minors. The government has made more than 150 revisions to the current law related to sex crimes that will take effect on Wednesday. One of the biggest changes is the abolishment of a 60-year-old law under which a prosecutor can’t pursue a sexual assault case if a victim and an attacker reach an agreement on not taking legal action.  Critics have said the law often led to situations where attackers bully victims into dropping legal complaints. Works Cited Gastaldo, E. (n.d.). New on FBI’s Most Wanted. Retrieved from http://www.newser.com/story/169670/new-on-fbis-most-wanted-ex-usc-prof Lelis, L. (2012, January 7). Retrieved from Orlando Sentinel: http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-01-07/news/os-carol-sheridan-obituary-20120107_1_crime-victims-victim-compensation-and-assistance-crime-act Matsota, O. (n.d.). Sex Crimes. Retrieved from Helping Human Trafficking Victims: http://ezinearticles.com/?Sex-Crimes:-Helping-Human-Trafficking-Victims&id=5656185 Noceda, K. (2013, February 19). Police. Retrieved from Victim in Hummer Mom’ Sex Crimes Target of Cyberbullying: http://livermore.patch.com/groups/police-and-fire/p/police-investigating-report-of-cyber-bullying-to-victb3d8e9589b police headquarter. (2013, july 23). Sex crimes. Retrieved from http://www.kcmo.org/police/crime/sexcrimes/sexcrimes/index.htm Reuters. (2013, July 19). Virginia: Charge Against Air Force Oficer. Retrieved from Alteredhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/ 07/19/us/virginia-charge-against-air-force-officer-is-altered.html? Travis, A. (2013, January 10). One in Five Womaen Are Victims of SExual Offense. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/jan/10/sex-crimes-analysis-england-wales Ward, C. (2013, July 18). Scout Leader Accused of Sexual Assault at Wisconsin Camp. Retrieved from http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/suburbs/glen_ellyn/chi-scout-leader-accused-of-sex-assault-at-wisconsin-camp-20130718,0,897229.story West, C., & M. (2013, March). Sexual Violence in the Lives of African American Women. Retrieved from http://www.nsvrc.org/publications/articles/sexual-violence-lives-african-american-women Woo, J. (2013, June 18). South Korea Toughens SEx Crimes Law. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/06/18/south-korea-toughens-its-sex-crimes-law/

French Expressions Using Donner

The French verb donner literally means to give and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to sound the alarm, devote oneself, show signs of weakness, and more with this list of expressions with donner. Possible Meanings of Donner to giveto attack, go into actionto awardto be on (TV, radio)to deal (cards)to grant (permission)to hand in (homework)to hold (a party, dance)to make a donationto put on (a play, show)to show (a movie)to yield, produce (fruit, juice)(familiar) to grass/squeal/fink on Expressions with Donner donner __ ans à   quelquunto give someone __ years, to guess that someone is __donner à   fondto be on full-blast (radio, TV)donner à   manger/boire à   quelquunto give someone something to eat/drinkdonner à   pleinto be on full-blast (radio, TV)donner à   quelquun à   penser/croire/comprendre queto suggest that, to make someone think/believe/understand thatdonner à   rireto give cause for laughterdonner au nord/sudto face north/southdonner contreto run intodonner dans- (people) to tend toward; to enjoy, be into- (architecture) to lead intodonner dans le panneau (informal)to fall right into the trapdonner dans une embuscade/un pià ¨geto fall into an ambush/a trapdonner de lappà ©tit à   quelquunto give someone an appetitedonner de la tà ªte/du front contre quelque choseto hit ones head against somethingdonner des signes de faiblesseto show signs of weaknessdonner de soi-mà ªme/de sa personneto give of oneselfdonner de soi-mà ªme pourto devote oneself todonner du cor(hun ting) to sound the horndonner du fil à   retordre à   quelquunto give someone a lot of work or troubledonner faim/froid à   quelquunto make someone feel hungry/colddonner la chair de poule à   quelquunto give someone goose bumpsdonner la charge contre quelquunto charge at someonedonner la communion à  to give communion todonner lalarme/lalerteto sound the alarmdonner la mal de mer à   quelquunto make someone seasickdonner lassaut à   quelquunto attack someonedonner le changeto alleviate suspiciondonner le change à   quelquunto put someone off the scent/trackdonner le feu vert à  to give the green light, the go-aheaddonner le la (music)to set the tonedonner le ton/la note(music) to set the tonedonner le vertige à   quelquunto make someone feel dizzydonner lexempleto set an exampledonner lheure à   quelquunto tell someone the timedonner lordre à   quelquun de infinitiveto order someone to verbdonner quelque chose à   ( a business)to take something in (to a business - me chanic, tailor, etc.) to be repaireddonner quelque chose à   faire à   quelquunto give someone something to dodonner quelque chose à   quelquun par testamentto bequeath something to someonedonner quelque chose pour/contre quelque choseto trade, exchange, swapdonner raison à   quelquunto prove someone right, to side with someonedonner sa langue au chatto give up (trying to guess)donner sa placeto give up ones seatdonner son amitià © à   quelquunto offer ones friendship to someonedonner son coeur à   quelquunto give ones heart to someonedonner son corps à   la scienceto donate ones body to sciencedonner son sangto donate blood, to shed blooddonner surto look out over/onto; to open onto; to overlookdonner tort à   quelquunto blame someone, to disagree with someone, to prove wrongdonner tout son temps à  to devote all ones time todonner un baiser à   quelquunto give someone a kissdonner un coup de balai/chiffonto sweep/dust quicklydonner un coup de fil à   quelquun (informal )to give someone a calldonner un coup de main à   quelquun (informal)to give someone a hand, help someone outdonner un coup de piedto kickdonner une fessà ©eto spankdonner une fà ªteto throw a partydonner une gifleto slapdonner un fait pour certainto present a fact as a certaintyen donner à   quelquun pour son argentto give someone his moneys worthne pas savoir oà ¹ donner de la tà ªteto not know which way to turnne rien donnerto have no effectAvec lui, cest donnant donnant.He never does anything for nothing.Ça donne  ! (familiar)Its cool! Brilliant!Cela donne chaud/soifIt makes you (feel) hot/thirsty.Cela donne des maux de tà ªteIt gives you a headache.Cela va te donner des forcesIt will give you strength.Cest à   toi de donnerits your dealCest ce quon ma donnà © à   entendreThats what I was led to believe, given to understanddonnant donnantfairs fairdonnà © cest donnà ©a gift is a giftà ©tant donnà ©given thatIl nest pas donnà © à   tout le monde de... Not ev eryone in the world is lucky enough to...Je donnerais beaucoup pour savoirId give a lot to knowJe me donnerais des coups  !I could kick myself!Je te le donne en cent/mille (informal)Youll never guess (in a million years)!...nest pas donnà © à   tout le monde.Not everyone is gifted with...On donne quelquun/quelque chose pour...He/It is said to be...On lui donnerait le bon Dieu sans confession.He looks as if butter wouldnt melt in his mouth, He looks totally innocent.On ne lui donne pas dà ¢ge.You cant tell how old he is.Le soleil donne en plein.The sun is beating down.Les sondages le donnent en tà ªte.The polls put him in the lead.un donneur / une donneusegiver, (card) dealer, donor; (familiar) informant, narc Se Donner The pronominal French verb  se  donner  literally means to give oneself or to give to each other and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to give ones all, act like, find the means, and more with this list of expressions with  se  donner. se  donner  ___  jours/mois  pour...to give oneself ___ days/months to...se  donner  Ãƒ  to devote oneself tose  donner  Ãƒ   fond  dans  quelque  choseto give ones all to somethingse donner bonne conscienceto affect a clear conscience, ease ones consciencese  donner  comme  but/mission/objectif  de... to make it ones aim/mission/objective to...se  donner de  grands  airsto give oneself airsse  donner des airs deto act likese  donner le temps de  faireto give oneself time to dose  donner  les  moyens  de  faireto find the means to dose donner un maà ®tre/prà ©sidentto choose a master/presidentse  donner du malto take great troublese  donner de la peineto take great painsse  donner des  baisersto kiss one anotherse  donner des coupsto exchange blowsse  donner du  bon  tempsto have a good/whale of a timese  donner le motto pass the word onse  donner le nom/titre  deto call oneself by the name/title ofse  donn er pourto claim/profess to be; to make oneself out to bese donner pour but/mission/objectif/tà ¢che  de...to make it ones aim/mission/objective/task to...se  donner  rendez-vousto arrange to meet, make an appointmentse donner une contenanceto pretend to be composedse  donner  une  importance  quon  na  pasto act as if one is important when s/he isntse  donner  une  nouvelle  imageto give oneself a new imagesen  donner  (informal)to have the time of ones lifesen  donner  Ãƒ   cÅ“ur  joieto enjoy oneself to the full, to have a field day

Field Study - 884 Words

HOME ECONOMICS: AN INSTRUMENT TO THE FUTURE LIFE OF STUDENTS Home Economics is the profession and field of study that deals with the economics and management of the home and community. Home economics is a field of formal study including such topics as consumer education, institutional management, interior design, home furnishing, cleaning, handicrafts, sewing, clothing and textiles, cooking, nutrition, food preservation, hygiene, child development, and family relationships. It prepares students for homemaking or professional careers. Home Economics is also known as Family and Consumer Sciences. It is study at all levels of education concerned with training for effective home and family living. This includes educating the†¦show more content†¦Referring back to past studies and my own personal beliefs, I hope to help the reader understand the benefits of receiving an education in home economics and how the knowledge obtained through this program will prove valuable throughout the lifespan. The most important aspect of a home economics education is that students not only learn about subject matter that has relevance to their present lives, but will constantly be of use as they continue to grow. One area of home economics that is considered to be among the most essential is the emphasis on personal development, decision making and intrapersonal skills. In addition to the development of valuable intrapersonal skills, the home economics curriculum also introduces the students to a wide variety of potential career paths. Students become aware of all the career opportunities relating to each domain, as well as being taught the skills associated with them. Those who find themselves intrigued by course material may begin to consider an occupation in a related area. The home economics discipline has led individuals to the fields of education, nutrition, social service, and hospitality management, to name a few. It is hard to find a single subject taught in schools today that incorporates as many topics of interest as home economics, helping students to become more well-rounded individuals. (University of Michigan) Promote teaching home economics as a viable career option with high-schoolShow MoreRelatedWhiteness as a Field of Study2712 Words   |  11 PagesAmerica. Whiteness, Law and Immigration Antecedents and Beginnings Even if the field was born in the 1990’s some of its questions were asked before. The study of white groups of people in multicultural societies like the American has always been in the mind of some scholars. The mass migration to the United States has made it a fertile ground for this kind of studies. 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Define the field of study. †¢ Astronomy is the study of comets, stars, planets, extraterrestrial life, and everything else in outer space (1) †¢ Astronomy is different from other fields of science because in astronomy, astronomers can’t have direct contact with what they are studying (2) B. What do practitioners in this field do in their jobs? †¢ Practitioners in this field are called astronomers (2) †¢ Astronomers study the planets, sun, asteroids, comets, and everything else in spaceRead MoreA Study On The Accounting Field863 Words   |  4 PagesTo get into the accounting field, you must first go to college and obtain either an associate’s or a bachelor’s degree in accounting (How to Become an Accountant). Though, for the most part, people tend to at least get their bachelor’s degree. 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William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1636 Words

Romeo and Juliet Essay Day to day, we interact with our family. These interactions can have a great influence on our emotional and psychological responses, and can destroy an individual’s self-worth, build it up, or do both. In Romeo and Juliet, a play written by William Shakespeare, two lovers from enemy families embark on a journey toward their death marked tragedy. Juliet, the wife, happens to kick-start the disastrous outcome of the relationship by drinking a sleeping potion as part of a plan to escape her family’s desire for her to have a second marriage. However, a punishing misunderstanding forces the couple to suicide, thus being a result of both lovers being under heavy influence from members of their enemy families. Juliet, in†¦show more content†¦She follows up by saying â€Å"Thus then in brief. The valiant Paris seeks you for his love.† Juliet responds by saying â€Å"I’ll look to like if looking liking move. But no more deep will I endart mine eye, than your consent gives strength to make it fly†. This dialogue is of the first time that Juliet is introduced to Paris, a man Juliet would not like to love. This brings about trouble, as Lady Capulet would really like Juliet to marry Paris, however, Juliet does not have the desire to do so. This simple conflict is developed throughout the story, as now Capulet and Lady Capulet force Juliet to marry Paris. When we read the story, we do learn that the real reason behind her parent’s desire for Juliet to marry Paris is wealth and status, as Paris comes from the family of the Prince while Romeo does not. Because of this, things really do spiral out of control, leading to the couple s suicide eventually. When Juliet rebels against the planned marriage with Paris, she’s rebelling against her mother’s way of life, and against the marriage her Lady Capulet learned to suffer through. It seems as so that Lady Capulet did also have a forced marriag e like the one of Juliet and Paris, however, it seems as so that she went with it obediently. There s also the more general issue that Lady Capulet is just being a good, obedient wife by going along with what her husband wants, and this is why she seems to always take her

Marriott Case Hbs Free Essays

Issue In this assignment, we are asked to compute the WACC of Marriott Corporation and each of the company’s three divisions. Our approach is outlined in the next section. We made a series of assumptions regarding either the available data or the missing information. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriott Case Hbs or any similar topic only for you Order Now This has been explained below, in a separate section. Approach We applied the following formulae to calculate the WACC: Our assumptions are explained in the next section. The table below presents the approach for calculations at corporation level and division level according to each of the variables. Marriott’s capital structure comprises debt (fixed and floating) and equity. Marriott CorporationBusiness Lines 1Beta of Debt (?  ¬Ã‚ ¬d)Computed using correlation between SP500 returns and HG Corp Bonds (recent history is implicitly more weighted), s. d. of the SP500 and s. d. of the HG Corp Bonds (Exhibit 4)Same 2Risk-Free RateEstimated to be equal to 10y US Gov Interest Rate as of April 1988 (Table B)Same 3Current LeverageUsing financial statements (Exhibit 1), we estimated the market value of debt and divided by market value of assets. Market value of debt is estimated to be equal to its book value. Market value of assets is equal to market value of debt + market value of equity (number of outstanding shares * price per share)N/A 4Market Risk PremiumFrom table of returns (Exhibit 5), taken as the average of spread between rates of return for SP500 and LT US Gov Bonds, 1926-87Same 5Tax RateEstimated from data in exhibit 1, from ratio between income before tax and net income for year 1987Same 6Beta of Equity (? E), Unlevered ? E Levered can be found in Exhibit 3 for the current debt load. Using the current leverage ratio (Step 3), we calculate the unlevered ? E. Having found unlevered equity betas of comparables from their leverage ratio and levered ? E (Exhibit 3), we averaged the unlevered ? E to get the unlevered ? E for each Marriott division. Restaurants division was mapped on Restaurants comparables, Lodging on Hotels whilst Contract Services was implied from Marriott’s and other two divisions unlevered ? E and their respective share in total assets book value. 7Cost of Equity (RL)We recalculated the new Levered ? E based on target leverage of Marriott (Table A) then, combine the Levered ? E, risk free rate, and MRP to calculated the cost of equity using CAPM relationship. Same, except unlevered beta from previous step was used to calculate levered beta. 8Cost of Debt (RD)See step 7, using Beta DebtSame 9WACCWACC formula accounting for ITS correctionSame, respective target leverage ratios and a ? D equal to Marriott’s ? D were used to estimate WACC. Assumptions †¢Overall Assumptions: Although we assume an ITS, we do not have the data to calculate individual ITS for each division and Marriott. As a result, we assume E*=E (rather than E*=E+ITS) and that the ITS is as risky as debt. We assume debt is perpetual and no growth. Beta of Debt: Although Marriott is one firm, we assume it is fairly comparable to a generic HG Corp, with single A rating. Therefore we performed a linear regression on the rate of returns of HG Corporate Bonds against SP 500 rate of returns, as a proxy of the market portfolio rate of returns. †¢Risk-free rate: The 10Yr UST is assumed to be the best estimate at company and division level. Ideally, each cash flow shoul d be discounted using a government bond with the same maturity. For this case, the selection of the maturity should one that matches best the entire cash flow stream being valued. Also, 1Yr rate is very volatile and 30Y illiquid and thus there is premium built therein. We have assumed that the rates provided in Table B are for zero-coupon bonds, and USD. †¢Current leverage: Market value of debt is estimated to be equal to its book value. The firm is HG, risk premium for HG bonds is relatively low, and we have no information on coupon level of fixed rate debt. The floating rate debt is likely to trade close to par. For subsequent calculations, we also assumed the average maturity at five years. There is only long-term debt for us to consider. Market risk premium: In the same fashion that we estimate the risk free rate benchmark is 10y UST Bond Interest Rate, so we used the difference of average returns between LT UST Bonds and SP 500 for the period 1926-87, the longest history available we have. We are aware of the imperfection of using historical rates of return. †¢Average corporate tax rate: We assume that the rate calculated as the average rate app lied to 1987 is a reasonable proxy for future tax rate. Tax rate is applicable across divisions. †¢Cost of Debt: SP 500 is also considered to be best proxy available for market portfolio. We also assumed no financial distress, which is reasonable because firm has real assets and overhead cost is 3% of revenue. Competitors and divisions have the same debt beta as Marriott: †¢Beta equity of each division: it has been assumed that the unlevered beta equity of each division is comparable to the average of unlevered beta equity of the comparables identified in the case for each relevant business segment. †¢Weighted average of book value of assets was used to determine the unlevered beta of Contract Division, we assumed this to be a reasonable proxy instead of market value of assets. How to cite Marriott Case Hbs, Papers

Entrepreneurship in a Context for Leadership- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEntrepreneurship in a Context for Strategy Leadership. Answer: Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is the act of utilizing a persons own capacities in order to create a new venture or business on ones own. Entrepreneurs start a business or indulge in their passions in place of functioning for anybody else in the business. Entrepreneurs need to tackle a large number of obstacles and fears as their lives are not easy. They have to tackle several challenges in order to make their endeavours a success. The first and foremost crucial factor for the entrepreneurial success is that of interest (Drucker, 2014). As the concept of entrepreneurship is concerned with the performance rather than the time given to a particular work, it is necessary for an entrepreneur to work in those specific areas which interest him or her. In case this is not done, it will not be possible to manage a proper level of work ethic and there is a high probability of failure. The interests of the entrepreneurs must also coincide with the vision for the growth of the company. In case the day to day activities are of interest to the entrepreneur, it is not enough for success unless this vision can be converted to that of growth and expansion. Entrepreneurs vision must be strong enough to be communicated to the investors and employees alike. The effective skills and the capability of the entrepreneurs to don many hats contribute to the success and the overall reputation of his or her company. It is crucial for an entrepreneur to invest in his or her company even it is intangible (Kirzner, 2015). A brief history of the Uber Company: The company was created in the year 2009. It was founded by Garrett Camp and Travis Kalanick. The company is basically based in the country of San Francisco and it was basically a private car service for the executives. The communication process which was used in this case was mainly brought about by emails and code features. The organisational growth was considerable in the year 2010. The concept of the advancement of technology was used to bring passengers as well as drivers together for the successful completion of the vision of the organisation. It was considered that Uber was the best way in which the passengers would get around. After a person books a car service, it comes straightaway to the person and the payment mode was completely cashless which was later modified to a number of other options (Dagnino, 2016). On a proper study it was found that the company targeted a specific segment of the customers and included those people who did not own a car. Apart from that it is found that there is a certain segment of people who do not drive a car themselves to those places who need to go. This segment of the population was also targeted. Certain people on the other hand are interested in travelling in style and they want to be treated as special and immensely important people. They also require a sort of cost efficient and a method of plying a suitable cab at their personal doorsteps. The connection with the customers is built due to the social media and the technological development. Therefore it is a suitable and has been an effective method to help the customers commute effectively (Arendt, 2017). Challenges faced by the company: There have been several challenges which have been faced by the company which consist of leadership issues, issues with how the drivers behave and the dissatisfaction issues of the drivers. The issue with the inherent leadership of the organisation is that of autocratic leadership, where the orders had been provided to the leaders of the organisation. It is not ideal for the workers to work in a scenario where they feel a sort of pressure from the upper management and therefore it needs to be considered at all costs (Denning, 2015). There had been several reports of the drivers behaving rudely or disrespectfully with the customers or the riders. There have been reports where the drivers have molested or caused harm to the passengers. Often the passengers have not been able to reach their respective destinations. This is a matter of severe concern with the company as the reliability can be lost due to such issues. There have been reports of the drivers remaining dissatisfied with the company as there is no existence of any tipping service which has been removed from the company policies which led the drivers to be dissatisfied and irritated. In case both sides of the company are happy, it is bound to grow more and succeed thereby increasing the overall profit shares. In case the company learns from its mistakes there is no stopping it (Dagnino, 2016). Entrepreneurial schools of thought: There are two basic views of entrepreneurship which relates to the success or the failure in the existing entrepreneurial business in the control locus. The macro view of entrepreneurship comprises the environmental school of thought, the financial or the capital school of thought and the displacement school of thought. The first school of thought considers the external factors which affect the lives of the entrepreneurs and the forces affecting it can be both positive and negative. The financial school of thought comprises of the capital seeking procedure. The displacement school of thought focuses on the negative sides of the existence of a group and understands the factors which can cause someone to feel out of place and even slow his or her development. The micro view of entrepreneurship refers to the school of thought which are specific to the concept of the internal locus of control and the potential entrepreneur has the capability to direct or even adjust the outcome of each of the major influences. Examples of issues in the organisation: From the study of the organisation it has been seen that the stupendous growth of the organisation had not been foreseen at any particular time. The company which started from very meagre means has grown to be one of the largest in the recent times and that too in a very short span of time. The company also believed in the concept of great businesses solving their particular problems. This is because of the fact that in order to reach a stage of global domination the companies have to keep solving their problems. Another reason the company has grown to be huge in the recent years is that they offer both convenience as well as price to their customers. The ways and means by which the Uber cars take their customers is also reliable. It is therefore a convenient alternative to the busy lifestyles of the working generation. The users should also look to solve their problems in the recent times in order to clear their image and become much more successful. The company also does not believe in hiding its mistakes. It believes in solving the issues which have arisen in the company. It always tries to improve its conditions and make it much more clean in terms of image and growth. The company believes that roadblocks might slow them down but they cannot stop them from being successful. In order to expand the company needs to ensure that the issues relating to have been solved at the starting stages itself. From the study of the overall ideals of the company it can be concluded that they follow both from macro as well as micro entrepreneurial schools of thought. Recommendations for improvement: Notwithstanding the issues that have been faced by Uber, it is thought to be safer than most rides and taxi services and an efficient system for the concept of ride sharing has also been created which is existent even at this present stage. The company can appoint and consider newer and much more effective leaders for the important posts in the company. This is due to the fact that the autocratic style of leadership has been found to be unsuccessful in the recent times. Along with the needs to change the structure of the company the type of leaders also need to change. There also needs to be a valid focus on the goodwill marketing wherein the organisation needs to cater to the issues which it has been facing in the recent times. In case customers are facing severe issues and need rides at any cost Uber can introduce the concept of free rides in order to ensure that the rides are beneficial to the customers and the company also gains in goodwill. This will ultimately amount to the overall increase in the growth of the company. The riders should also be allowed to utilize their own data. The company needs to fix the leadership as also the business issues it has been facing in the recent times. The concerns of each of the stakeholders need to considered so that the company is able to fulfil the goals of expansion which it has set for itself. It is to be noted that the company needs to understand the factors which will help it reach a stage of global importance and domination. References and Bibliography: Arendt, H. (2017).ber die Revolution. Piper ebooks. Dagnino, E. (2016). Uber law: prospettive giuslavoristiche sulla sharing/on-demand economy.Diritto delle relazioni industriali,26(1), 137-163. Denning, S. (2015). New lessons for leaders about continuous innovation.Strategy Leadership,43(1), 11-15. Drucker, P. (2014).Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Harvey, J., Smith, A., Golightly, D. (2018). Online Technology as a Driver of Sharing.The Rise of the Sharing Economy: Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities of Collaborative Consumption, 75. Kirzner, I. M. (2015).Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Santos, F. M. (2012). A positive theory of social entrepreneurship.Journal of business ethics,111(3), 335-351. Thai, M. T. T., Turkina, E. (2014). Macro-level determinants of formal entrepreneurship versus informal entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing,29(4), 490-510.